A well-diversified portfolio is vital to any investor's success. As an individual investor, you need to know how to determine an asset allocation that best conforms to your personal investment goals and risk tolerance. In other words, your portfolio should meet your future capital requirements and give you peace of mind while doing so. Investors can construct portfolios aligned to investment strategies by following a systematic approach. Here are some essential steps for taking such an approach.
Key Takeaways
- Overall, a well-diversified portfolio is your best bet for the consistent long-term growth of your investments.
- First, determine the appropriate asset allocation for your investment goals and risk tolerance.
- Second, pick the individual assets for your portfolio.
- Third, monitor the diversification of your portfolio, checking to see how weightings have changed.
- Make adjustments when necessary, deciding which underweighted securities to buy with the proceeds from selling the overweighted securities.
Step 1: Determining Your Appropriate Asset Allocation
Ascertaining your individual financial situation and goals is the first task in constructing a portfolio. Important items to consider are age and how much time you have to grow your investments, as well as the amount of capital to invest and future income needs. An unmarried, 22-year-old college graduate just beginning their career needs a different investment strategy than a 55-year-old married person expecting to help pay for a child's college education and retire in the next decade.
A second factor to consider is your personality and risk tolerance. Are you willing to hazard the potential loss of some money for the possibility of greater returns? Everyone would like to reap high returns year after year, but if youcan't sleep at night when your investments take a short-term drop, chances are the high returns from those kinds of assets are not worth the stress.
Clarifying your current situation, your future needs for capital,and your risk tolerance will determine how your investments should be allocated among different asset classes. The possibility of greater returns comes at the expense of greater risk of losses (a principle known as the risk/return tradeoff). You don't want to eliminate risk so much as optimize it for your individual situation and lifestyle. For example, the young person who won't have to depend on his or her investments for income can afford to take greater risks in the quest for high returns. On the other hand, the person nearing retirement needs to focus on protecting their assets and drawing income from these assets in a tax-efficient manner.
Conservative vs. Aggressive Investors
Generally, the more risk you can bear, the more aggressive your portfolio will be, devoting a larger portion to equities and less to bonds and other fixed-income securities. Conversely, the less risk you can assume, the more conservative your portfolio will be. Here are two examples, one for a conservative investor andone for the moderately aggressive investor.
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The main goal of a conservative portfolio is to protect its value. The allocation shown above would yield current income from the bonds, and would also provide some long-term capital growth potential from the investment in high-quality equities.
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Step 2: Achieving the Portfolio
Once you've determined the right asset allocation, you need to divide your capital between the appropriate asset classes. On a basic level, this is not difficult: equities are equities and bonds are bonds.
But you can further break down the different asset classes into subclasses, which also have different risks and potential returns. For example, an investor might divide the portfolio's equity portion between different industrial sectors and companies of different market capitalizations, and between domestic and foreign stocks. The bond portion might be allocated between those that are short-term and long-term, government debt versus corporate debt and so forth.
There are several ways you can go about choosing the assets and securities to fulfill your asset allocation strategy (remember to analyze the quality and potential of each asset you invest in):
Stock Picking
Choose stocks that satisfy the level of risk you want to carry in the equity portion of your portfolio; sector, market cap, and stock type are factors to consider. Analyze the companies using stock screeners to shortlist potential picks, then carry out more in-depth analysis on each potential purchase to determine its opportunities and risks going forward. This is the most work-intensive means of adding securities to your portfolio, and requires you to regularly monitor price changes in your holdings and stay current on company and industry news.
Bond Picking
When choosing bonds, there are several factors to consider including the coupon, maturity, the bond type, and the credit rating, as well as the general interest-rate environment.
Mutual Funds
Mutual funds are available for a wide range of asset classes and allow you to hold stocks and bonds that are professionally researched and picked by fund managers. Of course, fund managers charge a fee for their services, which will detract from your returns. Index funds present another choice; they tend to have lower fees because they mirror an established index and are thus passively managed.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
If you prefer not to invest with mutual funds, ETFs can be a viable alternative. ETFsareessentiallymutual funds that trade like stocks. They're similar to mutual funds in that they represent a large basket of stocks, usually grouped by sector, capitalization, country, and the like. But they differ in that they're not actively managed, but instead track a chosen index or another basket of stocks. Because they're passively managed, ETFs offer cost savings over mutual funds while providing diversification. ETFs also cover a wide range of asset classes and can be useful for rounding out your portfolio.
Step 3: Reassessing Portfolio Weightings
Once you have an established portfolio, you need to analyze and rebalance it periodically, because changes in price movements may cause your initial weightings to change. To assess your portfolio's actual asset allocation, quantitatively categorize the investments and determine their values' proportion to the whole.
The other factors that are likely to alter over time are your current financial situation, future needs, and risk tolerance. If these things change, you may need to adjust your portfolio accordingly. If your risk tolerance has dropped, you may need to reduce the number of equities held. Or perhaps you're now ready to take on greater risk and your asset allocation requires that a small proportion of your assets be held in more volatile small-cap stocks.
To rebalance, determine which of your positions are overweighted and underweighted. For example, say you are holding 30% of your current assets in small-cap equities, while your asset allocation suggests you should only have 15% of your assets in that class. Rebalancing involves determining how much of this position you need to reduce and allocate to other classes.
Step 4: Rebalancing Strategically
Once you have determined which securities you need to reduce and by how much, decide which underweighted securities you will buy with the proceeds from selling the overweighted securities. To choose your securities, use the approaches discussed in Step 2.
When rebalancing and readjusting your portfolio, take a moment to consider the tax implications of selling assets at this particular time.
Perhaps your investment in growth stocks has appreciated strongly over the past year, but if you were to sell all of your equity positions to rebalance your portfolio, you may incur significant capital gains taxes. In this case, it might be more beneficial to simply not contribute any new funds to that asset class in the future while continuing to contribute to other asset classes. This will reduce your growth stocks' weighting in your portfolio over time without incurring capital gains taxes.
At the same time, always consider the outlook of your securities. If you suspect that those same overweighted growth stocks are ominously ready to fall, you may want to sell in spite of the tax implications. Analyst opinions and research reports can be useful tools to help gauge the outlook for your holdings. And tax-loss selling is a strategy you can apply to reduce tax implications.
The Bottom Line
Throughout the entire portfolio construction process, it is vital that you remember to maintain your diversification above all else. It is not enough simply to own securities from each asset class; you must also diversify within each class. Ensure that your holdings within a given asset class are spread across an array of subclasses and industry sectors.
As we mentioned, investors can achieve excellent diversification by using mutual funds and ETFs. These investment vehicles allow individual investors with relatively small amounts of money to obtain the economies of scale that large fund managers and institutional investors enjoy.
