A Practical Approach to Liquidity Calculation (Digest Summary) (2024)

  1. Nitin Joshi

Studying various liquidity measures, the authors propose a new measure that allows the user to estimate the liquidity of different instruments, regardless of exchange or the currency in which they are traded.

What’s Inside?

The authors show that their new liquidity measure allows for instantaneous calculation ofthe liquidity of an instrument or a historical measurement over the day. The new measurecalculates the intraday value of liquidity through a time-scaling approach.

How Did the Authors Conduct This Research?

To define liquidity, the authors answer the question, What amount of money is needed tocreate a daily single unit price fluctuation of the stock? They estimate the liquiditymeasure as the ratio of volume traded multiplied by the closing price divided by the pricerange from high to low, for the whole trading day, on a logarithmic scale.

The authors use the price at the end of the trading period because it is the most accuratevaluation of the stock at the time. They use the traded volume for the day, assuming volumetraded is a linear function of time. Price range is for the whole trading session. Theauthors also calculate instantaneous liquidity using order book data and average dailyvolume. The formulas thus derived can be used in the calculation of liquidity for portfoliosof both stock instruments and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

The new liquidity measure eliminates the currency value from calculations. It is possibleto compare instruments on different international markets directly using the new liquiditymeasure. It is extremely easy to calculate because all of the information required can beobtained from a newspaper or a free website.

How Is This Research Useful to Practitioners?

A financial instrument’s liquidity is fundamental to many financial applications.Knowledge about an instrument’s liquidity is useful for processes from portfolioconstruction to market abuse detection systems. So, the liquidity measure of a financialinstrument is of enormous interest to portfolio managers and regulators alike.

The authors define liquidity as the ratio of the product of yesterday’s volume andclosing price to the high-to-low price range on a logarithmic scale. The liquidity measureis estimated by its instantaneous equivalent, which is calculated using the order book dataand average daily volume. It is calculated for the whole trading session. The authors showthat the instantaneous liquidity measure has components related to market breadth, marketdepth, market resilience, and immediacy. They calculate the liquidity of an ETF on alogarithmic scale using the liquidity of the basket of underlying instruments and theliquidity of the ETF as an instrument.

This liquidity measure allows the user to measure the liquidity of different instrumentswithout regard for the currency or exchange.

Abstractor’s Viewpoint

The authors propose a practical way of measuring liquidity, which can be used to calculatean instantaneous value of liquidity as well as its historical measurement. Because afinancial instrument’s liquidity is fundamental to trading strategies, portfolioconstruction, and fraud detection, further research would yield some interesting insights onthe liquidity measure.

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Publisher Information

CFA Institutedoi.org/10.2469/dig.v45.n2.12ISSN/ISBN: 0046-9777

A Practical Approach to Liquidity Calculation (Digest Summary) (2024)

FAQs

A Practical Approach to Liquidity Calculation (Digest Summary)? ›

They estimate the liquidity measure as the ratio of volume traded multiplied by the closing price divided by the price range from high to low, for the whole trading day, on a logarithmic scale. The authors use the price at the end of the trading period because it is the most accurate valuation of the stock at the time.

What are the three ways to measure liquidity? ›

Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to pay debt obligations and its margin of safety through the calculation of metrics including the current ratio, quick ratio, and operating cash flow ratio.

What is the Hui Heubel ratio? ›

The Hui-Heubel's liquidity ratio uses in the denominator the ratio of the traded volume to the outstanding volume of the asset (essentially the turnover rate). Depending on data availability, other measures of trading volume can be used in the denominator (e.g., number of securities traded).

How is liquidity calculated? ›

The current ratio is the simplest liquidity ratio to calculate and interpret. Anyone can easily find the current assets and current liabilities line items on a company's balance sheet. Divide current assets by current liabilities, and you will arrive at the current ratio.

What is the best measure of market liquidity? ›

The bid-ask spread is a commonly used indicator of liquidity. It measures the cost of executing a small trade, with the cost usually calculated as the difference between the bid or offer price and the bid-ask midpoint. The measure can thus be calculated quickly and easily with data widely available in real time.

What are the two most common metrics used to measure liquidity? ›

The two most common metrics used to measure liquidity are the current ratio and the quick ratio. A company's bottom line profit margin is the best single indicator of its financial health and long-term viability.

What are the two basic measures of liquidity? ›

Market liquidity and accounting liquidity are two main classifications of liquidity, and financial analysts use various ratios, such as the current ratio, quick ratio, acid-test ratio, and cash ratio, to measure it.

What is the golden nose ratio? ›

The distance from the top of the nose to the center of the lips should be around 1.618 times the distance from the center of the lips to the chin. The hairline to the upper eyelid distance is classically 1.618 times the length of the top of the upper eyebrow to the lower eyelid.

What is the golden ratio in the world? ›

The Golden Ratio is a mathematical concept denoted by the Greek letter "Phi" (φ), approximately equal to 1.61803398875. It holds special significance in nature because it appears in various forms, such as spirals in plants, the arrangement of leaves, and even in human anatomy.

What is the sacred golden ratio? ›

Central to the conversation is the 'golden ratio. ' It's been written about by the ancient Greeks, Renaissance artists, astronomers, and modern science confirms it. The golden ratio is 1.61803399 and is represented by the Greek number phi.

What is liquidity for dummies? ›

Definition: Liquidity means how quickly you can get your hands on your cash. In simpler terms, liquidity is to get your money whenever you need it.

What is a good liquidity ratio? ›

Generally, a good Liquidity Ratio should be above 1.0. This indicates the company has enough current assets to cover its short-term liabilities. A higher Liquidity Ratio (above 2.0) shows the company is in a stronger financial position and may have spare cash available for investments or other opportunities.

What is the most liquid asset? ›

Cash is the most liquid asset possible as it is already in the form of money. This includes physical cash, savings account balances, and checking account balances.

What is the best indicator for liquidity? ›

The "Liquidity Swings " indicator is designed to help traders identify liquidity swings within the market. This tool is particularly useful for visualizing areas where liquidity is accumulating and where it is being swept, providing valuable insights for making informed trading decisions.

What is the strictest measure of liquidity? ›

The cash ratio uses the strictest definition of liquidity. It's the percentage of current liabilities that the company can cover with cash on hand and cash equivalents (things that can be converted to cash very quickly).

What is the Hui Heubel liquidity ratio? ›

Hui-Heubel Liquidity Ratio (HHLR): The HHLR is a proxy used to measure the price impact, breadth and resilience aspects of liquidity.

What are the three types of liquidity? ›

In this section we identify and define three main types of liquidity pertaining to the liquidity analysis of the financial system and their respective risks. The three main types are central bank liquidity, market liquidity and funding liquidity.

What are the three dimensions of liquidity? ›

There are three important dimensions of liquidity: trading costs, depth, and resiliency.

What are Level 3 assets liquidity? ›

Level 3 assets are generally less liquid and may be more complex compared to those with observable prices derived from public markets. The share is the ratio of level 3 assets to gross assets (SEC Form PF question 8) across all Qualifying Hedge Funds. These data are only available annually.

What is a common measure of liquidity? ›

Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is option c. the accounts receivable turnover. Liquidity measures the ability of a company to convert its assets into cash quickly and meet its short-term obligations.

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