What Is an Average Price?
Average price is the mean price of an asset or security observed over some period of time. It is calculated by finding the simple arithmetic average of closing prices over a specified time period. When adjusted by trading volume, the volume-weighted average price (VWAP) can be derived on an intraday basis.
The average price of a good, such as a gallon of regular gasoline, may also be computed by surveying vendors or producers over a specific period of time.
While often related, average price should not be confused with average return.
Key Takeaways
- Average price is the mean price of an asset or security observed over some period of time.
- In situations where there is a range of prices, it can be useful to calculate the average price to simplify a range of numbers into a single value.
- For intraday averages, the volume-weighted average price (VWAP) is an important metric for traders and investors.
- For technical traders, moving averages (MAs) are used for a variety of trend and reversal indicators.
- A bond's average price is computed from its face value and market price and is used to derive its yield to maturity (YTM).
Understanding Average Prices
In basic mathematics, average price is a representative measure of a range of prices. It is calculated by taking the sum of the values and dividing it by the number of prices being examined. The average price reduces the range into a single value, which can then be compared to any other point to determine if the value is higher or lower than what would be expected.
In situations where there is a range of prices, it can be useful to calculate the average price to simplify a range of numbers into a single value. For example, if, over a four-month period, you earn $104, $105, $110, and $115 from your investments, the average return on your portfolio will be ($104 + $105 + $110 + $115) / 4 = $108.50.
Median vs. Average
The median of a set of values is that value where half of the values in the set are lower and half of the values in the set are higher. The average of a set of values is the total of those values divided by the number of items in that set.
The average price of a bond is calculated by adding its face value to the price paid for it and dividing the sum by two. The average price is sometimes used in determining a bond's yield to maturity (YTM), where the average price replaces the purchase price in the YTM calculation.
Example of Average Price in Bonds: YTM
In the finance sector, average price is mostly used in the context of bond prices. Bondholders that are interested in knowing the total rate of return from a bond that is held until maturity can calculate a metric known as the yield to maturity (YTM). An estimate of the YTM can be calculated using the bond’s average rate to maturity (ARTM). The ARTM determines the yield by measuring the proportion of the average return per year to the average price of the bond.
For a coupon bond, the average YTM can be calculated as follows:
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For example, consider an investor that purchased a corporate bond with an annual coupon rate of 5% and six years to maturity at a premium to par for $1,100. Annual coupon payments, or cash flows received, will thus be 5% x $1,000 face value of the corporate bond = $50. Its YTM can be calculated as follows:
- $50 + [($1,000 - $1,100) / 6] ÷ ($1,000 + $1,100) / 2
- $33.33 / $1,050 = 3.17%
The logic behind the formula is that the premium amount over par (F – P = $1,000 - $1,100 = -$100) is divided over the number of years to maturity. Hence, -$100/6 = -$16.67 is the amount that reduces the coupon payment per year.
So even though the investor receives a $50 coupon per year, their real or average return is $33.33 per year ($50 - $16.67 = $33.33) because the bond was bought for a price above par. Dividing the average return by the median or average price is the bondholder’s YTM.
Although the average price of a bond is not the most accurate method to find its yield to maturity (YTM), it does give investors a rough and simple gauge to find out what a bond is worth.
Note that, if the bond was purchased at a discount to par, the investor’s average return per year will be higher than the coupon payment. Furthermore, if an investor bought the bond at par, the average return per year will equal the coupon rate. In this case, the YTM will also equal the coupon rate after dividing the average return per year by the average price of the bond.
Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)
The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) is a tradingbenchmarkused by traders that reveals the average price a security has traded at throughout the day, based on bothvolume and price.It is important because it provides traders with insight into both the trend and value of a security.
Large institutional buyers andmutual fundsuse the VWAP ratio to help move into or out of stocks with the smallest market impact. Therefore, when possible, institutions will try to buy below the VWAP, or sell above it. This way their actions push the price back toward the average, instead of away from it.
Retail traders tend to use VWAP more as a trend confirmation tool, similar to a moving average (MA). When the price is above VWAP they look only to initiate long positions and when the price is below VWAP they only look to initiateshort positions.
VWAP is calculated by adding up the dollars traded for every transaction (price multiplied by the number of shares traded) and then dividing by the total shares traded.
VWAP=∑Volume∑Price*Volume
Average Price FAQs
How Do You Calculate Average Stock Price?
Since the purchase price of common stock typically changes every day due to market forces, common stock purchased at different points in time will cost different amounts of money. Tocalculatetheaverage cost, divide the total purchase amount by the number ofsharespurchased to figure theaverage costper share.
What Is a Simple Moving Average?
A simple moving average (SMA) calculates the average of a selected range of prices, usually the closing prices of a security, by the number of periods in that range.
How You Find Average Price?
Average price is calculated by taking the sum of the values and dividing it by the number ofpricesbeing examined.
How Do You Calculate the Average Cost?
Averagetotalcostiscalculatedby dividing the totalcostof production by the total number of units produced.
What Is the Difference Between Median Price and Average Price?
Median priceis the middle point forprices. It is not the same as theaverage price.Themedian priceis theprice in thevery middle of a data set, with exactly half of the data set priced at values that are less than the median price and the other half of the data set priced at values that are more than the median price. The average price adds up all the prices and divides them by the total number of values in a data set.
What Does Average Unit Price Mean?
Average unit priceistheaverage pricean itemissold for in a specific time period.Average unit price iscalculated by dividing the total revenue or net sales amount by the number of items sold.
What Is Average Traded Price?
Average traded price is what buyers have paid for one share onaverage, over the course of a specific time period. Average traded price is also referred to as volume-weightedaverage price.
