Britannica Money (2024)

When inflation rears its ugly head, it’s hard to find anything—stocks, bonds, even “junk” bonds—with a yield that keeps pace with rising consumer prices. One investment that does is Series I Savings Bonds, also known as I bonds, offered by the U.S. Treasury. The yield on I bonds is adjusted every six months to the rate of inflation, and in mid-2022 that yield spiked to a multi-decade high of 9.62%.

That eye-popping yield led millions of investors rushing to TreasuryDirect.gov to set up an account and start watching the interest payments roll in. But as inflation began to ebb, the Treasury Department dialed back the yield. As of November 2023, I bonds are paying a still-robust 5.27%.

There’s a lot to love about I bonds, especially during periods of high inflation. But they’re not the ultimate investment solution, and they’re not necessarily for everyone. As with any investment, they even have a few risks.

I bonds are inflation-protected instruments offered by the Treasury that are designed to protect investors from rising prices. Why has the yield been so high?

• I bonds are regularly adjusted for inflation.
• The rate is calculated twice a year and based on changes in the non-seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for all items, including food and energy.
• When inflation goes haywire, as it did in 2022, the I bond rate goes up, making it a more powerful investment tool.

The main reason many investors suddenly got interested in I bonds was rising U.S. inflation, which sent yields on I bonds above 9%. But remember, I bond rates reset every six months based on CPI-U. The current rate, good for purchases between November 1, 2023, and April 30, 2024, is 5.27%. If inflation eases, the I bond initial rate could drop even more.

That being said, at the time of the rate reset, comparable Treasury securities were yielding in the upper 4% range.

The takeaway for investors? The initial yield is only good for the first six months you own the bond. After that, the investment acts like any other variable vehicle, meaning rates could go down and you have no control over it. And if you wait until, say, 2025 to buy an I bond, the initial rate could be well below current levels.

Variable interest rates are a risk you can’t discount when you buy an I bond, and it’s not like you can just sell the bond when the rate falls. You’re locked in for the first year, unable to sell at all. Even after that, there’s a penalty of three months’ interest if you sell before five years. So if you think you’ll need any of the money before that, I bonds may not be for you.

This may sound a bit disappointing, but there are a lot of good things about I bonds, as well.

I bond pros

• Competitive interest rate. At least for the moment.
• Low risk. They’re backed by the U.S. Treasury, which has never defaulted on its debt, meaning you’ll almost certainly get your interest payments on time and receive back your principal at the end of your ownership.
• Portfolio diversification. Most financial advisors recommend that you balance your portfolio between riskier, more aggressive investments like stocks, and less risky investments like government bonds.
• Inflation hedge. The bond’s interest will grow at around the same rate as inflation, meaning your savings won’t lose their buying power.

I bond cons

• Variable rate. The initial rate is only guaranteed for the first six months of ownership. After that, the rate can fall, down to a fixed-rate component which, as of November 1, 2023, stood at 1.3%.
• One-year lockup. You can’t get your money back at all the first year, so you shouldn’t invest any funds you’ll absolutely need anytime soon.
• Early withdrawal penalty. If you withdraw after one year but before five years, you sacrifice the last three months of interest.
• Opportunity cost. Having too much of your portfolio in government bonds could mean missing big gains in the stock market. Between 2015 and 2019, the combined interest on I bonds never exceeded 2% annually. Meanwhile, the S&P 500 had several years of double-digit annual gains.
• Annual investment limit. The maximum amount you can invest in an I bond is $10,000 per person per year. If you and your spouse both invest $10,000, that’s your maximum until a year later.
• Interest is taxable. The interest on I bonds is subject to the Federal income tax, which depends on your income. For many investors, the Federal income tax rate is higher than the capital gains tax rate.
• Not allowed in tax-deferred accounts. Because I bonds are limited to taxable accounts, you can’t buy them in an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) or 401(k) plan. And if you’re saving for your kids’ college education, you can’t put them in a 529 plan directly. But if you’re buying I bonds under your child’s Social Security number, their interest will be taxable at their rate, which is typically quite low—zero if they don’t earn more than the lowest marginal tax rate.

I bond investing strategies—for better or worse

For many people, the annual $10,000 maximum investment cap isn’t a problem—that’s a lot of money to have available, after all your expenses are paid and your tax-advantaged retirement savings have been funded for the year. If you’re fortunate enough to have more than $10,000 ready to invest, you’ll have to find other investments, whose risk-adjusted return may not be as attractive.

That’s why for many investors, I bonds are a nice treat, but not a panacea for inflation.

One nice thing about I bonds is that the interest compounds automatically. Every six months, the interest you earn is added to the principal balance, so you’re earning interest on an ever-growing pile the longer you keep your money invested. The bond earns interest for 30 years or until you cash it, whichever comes first.

The variable rate is another risk to keep in mind. Although most Americans would probably be quite happy if inflation fell from 40-year highs back to what it was in the 2010–2020 era (around 2%), that would be a pretty big disappointment for your I bond investment. The rate you bought it at is only guaranteed for the first six months. There’s nothing to prevent it from going to 2% or even to its fixed-guarantee component of 1.3% at some point. But remember: You’re only required to hold the I bond for one year. After that, you can sell it (just remember you’ll be penalized three months’ worth of interest if you cash out between years one and five).

Also, don’t over-invest in an I bond if it will deplete your savings. Keep your emergency fund fully intact before venturing into any investment that has a lockup period. For example, suppose you have $5,000 and invest it in an I bond, but then lose your job two months later. That $5,000 can’t be pulled back for another 10 months.

The bottom line

I bonds are a convenient and relatively safe investment that offers some protection from runaway inflation. But they aren’t the answer to all your inflation problems, and there are risks associated with tying up your money in an investment with cash-out restrictions. Keep the risks in mind along with the benefits before you buy.