In certain situations, one or more of the people you owe money to can apply to have you made bankrupt, even if you don't want them to. You may be able to avoid being made bankrupt by your creditor(s) but you'll have to act within set time limits and according to certain procedures.
This page explains when your creditors can apply to make you bankrupt and what your options are if you get a statutory demand.
Top tip
If you are facing bankruptcy, you can talk to an adviser.
Why might a creditor try to make you bankrupt?
One or more of your creditors might want to make you bankrupt for any of the following reasons:
they know you have land or property which could be sold to pay back your debts
to punish you, because they believe you've been fraudulent or broken promises
to try to stop you from getting more credit in the future
they think you're being dishonest or hiding things of value, and want your financial affairs to be investigated
they're part of a group of employees and making you bankrupt would help them recover wages they're owed.
Top tip
Creditors may sometimes threaten you with bankruptcy where it's clearly inappropriate, for example, where you owe less than £5,000. This might be harassment and you can challenge it.
More about harassment by creditors
Process for creditors making you bankrupt
A creditor can apply to make you bankrupt if you owe them at least £5,000 and they take the following steps:
Step 1: action before trying to make you bankrupt
Before a creditor can apply to the court to make you bankrupt, they have to show they've tried certain legal methods to get you to pay your debt. These are normally one of two methods:
sending or giving you a statutory demand - this is a legal notice about the money you owe. If you don't pay or come to an arrangement to pay within 21 days, or get the statutory demand cancelled, your creditors can ask the court to make a bankruptcy order
attempting to enforce a court judgment that's been made against you using bailiffs or another enforcement process. The bailiffs must have made enough serious attempts to enter your home and take your property.
If the creditor can show they've tried one of these methods to get you to pay but failed, they can apply for your bankruptcy. They will usually serve a statutory demand first.
Statutory demand
If a creditor serves a statutory demand on you, the first thing you need to do is get advice about how bankruptcy would affect you and your family. If you have financial problems, it may be that bankruptcy is a good option for dealing with it. You might decide to take no action after receiving the statutory demand, in the hope that the creditor will ask the court to make you bankrupt. If they do this, the creditor will have to pay for your bankruptcy, instead of you having to pay for it yourself. However, there is no guarantee that a creditor will definitely apply for your bankruptcy, even if they've served a statutory demand.
If you get advice and decide that you want to avoid bankruptcy, you should do one of the following:
respond within 21 days of the statutory demand being served, with payment or to negotiate an offer
if you think you have grounds to challenge the statutory demand, apply to have it cancelled (set aside) within 18 days of the notice being served. If it is cancelled your creditor may not be able to continue trying to make you bankrupt. This depends on the reason why it is cancelled.
You may need to get advice about whether you have valid grounds to cancel a statutory demand - talk to an adviser.
More about statutory demands and what to do if you receive one
Step 2: bankruptcy petition
Can you get legal aid?
If you don't want to be made bankrupt, it's a really good idea to get legal advice to help you put your case together. In some circ*mstances, you may be able to get legal aid to help with the costs of this.
Check whether you might be eligible for legal aid.
If you don't pay, negotiate a payment plan or get the statutory demand cancelled, the creditor will be able to apply for your bankruptcy by presenting a bankruptcy petition to the court. They have to pay a fee to do this. You'll receive notice that the petition has been made and will be given the opportunity to oppose the making of a bankruptcy order if you want to. You don't have to pay any fees yourself.
If you want to avoid bankruptcy at this stage:
it's a good idea to get legal advice about whether you can oppose the making of a bankruptcy order and if so, to help you put together your defence. In some circ*mstances, you may be able to apply for legal aid to help you with the costs of this
apply to the court to oppose the bankruptcy order, setting out your reasons why, such as you don't owe the money, the creditor is out of time for taking legal action or that you've already made a reasonable offer of repayment. Send a copy of this notice to your creditor and their solicitor
do this at least 7 days before the court hearing.
Coronavirus – if you need a hearing urgently
At the moment, the court might take a long time to arrange a hearing.
Tell the court if you need the hearing urgently – you can tell them before or after you apply for the hearing. Email the court at rolls.icl.hearings1@justice.gov.uk – in your email, make sure you tell them:
what you need the hearing for
why the hearing’s urgent
who needs to be at the hearing
how long the hearing’s likely to take
how long the judge is likely to need to read through the documents before the hearing
If you don’t know all of this information, tell the court in your email.
The hearing will normally be by video call using Skype for Business. If you can’t use Skype for Business, tell the court if you can use other video call software or if you want your hearing to be over the phone.
You’ll still have to apply for the hearing when the court replies to your email.
Step 3: bankruptcy court hearing
The bankruptcy hearing will usually take place before a district judge. You'll be given notice of the hearing and should attend, taking any appropriate evidence with you if you're opposing the bankruptcy order. This is a very serious hearing and ideally you need to be legally represented by a solicitor.
Court hearings by phone or video call
The court will tell you what kind of hearing you’ll have. Check how to prepare for a hearing by phone or video call.
At the hearing, the judge may do one of the following:
dismiss the petition - for example, if you've already paid the debt in full or if the creditor is out of time for taking court action for the debt. The judge also has discretion to dismiss the petition if they believe your creditor has unreasonably refused offers of payment from you, such as payment by instalments or an offer to secure the debt
suspend the proceedings, for example if more evidence is needed or to give you some time to raise money to pay the creditor
make a bankruptcy order.
Step 4: bankruptcy order made
The court can make a bankruptcy order if it is satisfied that:
everything the creditor says is true
the debt hasn't been paid
no agreement has been made about payment or securing the debt, and the creditor hasn't unreasonably refused an offer
you don't have a defence against the making of a bankruptcy order.
If the judge decides to make a bankruptcy order, you'll be declared bankrupt immediately. The official receiver will be told.
After a creditor makes you bankrupt
After a creditor makes you bankrupt, the official receiver will take control of your property and financial affairs. They'll contact you to arrange to get more information from you. You have to co-operate with the official receiver. If you don't, you could be committing a criminal offence.
Dealing with the official receiver
Next steps
What to do if you've received a statutory demand
What to do if bailiffs contact you trying to collect a debt
Get advice
More information
'Dealing with debt: how to make someone bankrupt' - from the Insolvency Service at www.gov.uk
'Statutory demands' - from the Insolvency Service at www.gov.uk.
