L'histoire fascinante de la machine Enigma et son impact crucial pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale continuent de captiver les esprits. En 2017, au Imperial War Museum de Londres, des développeurs ont utilisé l'intelligence artificielle (IA) moderne pour briser la machine Enigma, considérée comme "incassable" pendant la guerre. Ce processus, qui a pris 13 minutes et coûté seulement 7 dollars grâce à l'utilisation de 2 000 serveurs DigitalOcean, a révolutionné notre compréhension de la cryptographie et de l'IA.
La Machine Enigma
La complexité de la machine Enigma résidait dans son clavier, ses rotors, sa bague d'alphabet et ses connexions, configurables par l'opérateur. Pour crypter et décrypter un message, deux opérateurs devaient connaître deux ensembles de codes. Un code de base quotidien, changé toutes les 24 heures, était publié mensuellement par les Allemands. Chaque opérateur créait ensuite un réglage individuel utilisé uniquement pour ce message, créant ainsi plus de 53 milliards de combinaisons possibles changeant chaque jour.
L'énigme a été initialement déchiffrée en 1932 par Marian Rejewsky et son équipe, mais les changements apportés par la marine nazie ont rendu la machine encore plus complexe. Alan Turing, à Bletchley Park, a rassemblé une équipe en 1939 pour relever le défi. Ils ont développé la "Bombe", considérée comme le premier ordinateur, pour automatiser la cryptographie et décrypter les messages quotidiens en moins de 24 heures.
Le Projet d'Enigma Pattern
S'inspirant de l'héritage de Turing, Enigma Pattern a entrepris un projet ambitieux pour décoder l'Enigma en utilisant l'IA moderne. Lukasz Kuncewicz, chef de la science des données chez Enigma, a dirigé l'équipe dans la recréation de la machine nazie en utilisant Python. Malgré des défis avec les calculs sur AWS Lambda, DigitalOcean a fourni la solution avec ses ML 1-Click Droplets.
Enigma et l'IA Moderne
En utilisant 2 000 Droplets, l'équipe a formé un algorithme à reconnaître l'allemand en utilisant des contes de fées allemands. Bien que l'IA ne comprenne pas l'allemand, elle a réussi à reconnaître les modèles. Après deux semaines d'entraînement, le premier message a été décrypté avec succès en deux semaines. En augmentant à 2 000 Droplets supplémentaires, le code Enigma a été cassé en seulement 13 minutes, marquant un triomphe pour l'IA moderne.
Enigma Pattern: Au-delà de l'Enigma
Enigma Pattern, considérant l'IA comme "la nouvelle électricité", travaille avec des entreprises pour exploiter le potentiel des mégadonnées. Ils ont aidé une entreprise possédant une flotte de plus de 10 000 voitures à utiliser l'IA pour détecter l'usure des pneus, optimisant ainsi les coûts et améliorant la sécurité.
Conclusion
Le décodage de l'Enigma par Enigma Pattern illustre la puissance de l'IA moderne dans la résolution de défis complexes hérités du passé. En appréciant les problèmes présentés à Turing et à son équipe, nous élargissons notre vision des possibilités de l'IA dans le monde actuel. Pour voir le fonctionnement d'Enigma, suivez ou visionnez la démonstration sur YouTube. Pour en savoir plus sur Alan Turing et le travail à Bletchley Park, consultez la biographie acclamée d'Andrew Hodges, "Alan Turing: The Enigma". Le code d'Enigma Pattern est disponible sur , avec un avertissem*nt selon lequel il est un peu désordonné.
More than 70 years after the Enigma was cracked by Alan Turing and his colleagues at Bletchley Park, innovative technology housed at The University of Manchester has provided a detailed peek beneath the bonnet of the German wartime cipher machine.
(Turing's machine that helped decode Enigma was the electromechanical Bombe, not Colossus.) The prototype, Colossus Mark 1, was shown to be working in December 1943 and was in use at Bletchley Park by early 1944.
Let's say it takes about 100 such operations to try to decode a simple message with a given setting. Therefore, a single core can try 30 million configurations in a second. So to try all possibilities, it'll take us 150 trillion divided by 30, which is 5 trillion seconds: about 160,000 years!
Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman designed a machine called the Bombe machine which used electric circuits to solve an Enigma encoded message in under 20 minutes. The Bombe machine would try to determine the settings of the rotors and the plugboard of the Enigma machine used to send a given coded message.
There were periods during the war when the British managed to break Enigma codes for weeks on end, safely directing their ships around German U-boat patrols. Still, up until after the end of the war, German commanders still believed that the Enigma was only breakable in theory, but not in practice.
Earlier in the 1930s, when Polish intelligence heard encrypted German radio messages, the three were asked to look at cracking the code. They broke into Enigma but Polish authorities did not reveal their work to the British and French until July 1939 when things were getting more serious in Poland.
I'd have been surprised if he had been able to extend into another theatre, but it could have been an option.” One significant likely consequence of continued German control of the Atlantic has been much discussed: had Enigma not been cracked, it's unlikely that World War II would have ended in 1945.
The strongest computers of today could crack WWII cryptographic messages in real time, with basically no delay. The Enigma Machine used rotor cipher mechanics and although they did quite a few tricks, it was still vulnerable for pattern detections and other tricks to decrypt it again, and decrypt it fast.
If a classical computer needs 2^256 operations to brute force a 256 bit key, a quantum computer would need 2^128 operations. That's still a huge number, dude. Even if you had a quantum computer with millions of qubits (which we don't have yet), it would still take years or decades to crack 256 bit encryption.
Due to the problems of counterfactual history, it is hard to estimate the precise effect Ultra intelligence had on the war. However, official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14 million lives.
After the war Turing worked on the design of the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory, which many people see as the forerunner to the modern computer.
But the work of Bletchley Park – and Turing's role there in cracking the Enigma code – was kept secret until the 1970s, and the full story was not known until the 1990s. It has been estimated that the efforts of Turing and his fellow code-breakers shortened the war by several years.
Additionally, because the machine had a total of 36 sets of rotors, multiple settings could be checked simultaneously. This allowed the team at Bletchley Park to crack the daily Enigma code in under 20 minutes.
They found that to factor a composite number of 2048 bits would require around 10,000 qubits, 2.23 trillion quantum gates, and “a quantum circuit depth of 1.8 trillion”, Fujitsu said in a statement. The researchers also found a sufficiently-large fault-tolerant quantum computer would need 104 days to crack RSA.
Quantum computers have shown that they can process certain tasks exponentially faster than classical computers. In late 2019, Google claimed that it had managed to solve a problem that would take 10,000 years for the world's fastest supercomputer within just 200s using a quantum computer.
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