Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is dependent on the performance of another asset, group of assets, or a specific index. These instruments can be traded either on formal exchanges or through private, over-the-counter (OTC) transactions. It is essential to note that the prices of these derivatives change based on the variations in the value of the assets to which they are linked.
Why do investors enter derivative contracts?
Investors enter derivative contracts for several reasons, including:
1. Risk mitigation and hedging
One of the primary motivations for investors to enter derivative contracts is risk mitigation. Derivatives provide a means for hedging against price fluctuations, thereby safeguarding investments from potential losses. For instance, if an investor holds a portfolio of stocks and anticipates a market downturn, they can employ futures contracts or options to offset the negative impact. Taking the example of a put option, investors can protect themselves against a decline in the value of an asset. By purchasing a put option, they secure the right to sell the asset at a predetermined price, limiting potential losses if the asset's market value falls.
2. Profit generation
Investors can also utilise derivatives to capitalise on anticipated price movements. For instance, an investor with a bullish outlook on a particular stock may opt for a call option. If the stock's price rises as predicted, the investor can exercise the call option, buying the stock at the lower agreed-upon price and selling it at the higher market price, thereby realising a profit. This aspect of derivatives allows investors to leverage their market insights for potential financial gains.
3. Portfolio diversification
Derivatives enable investors to diversify their portfolios and gain exposure to various markets or assets without direct ownership. This diversification strategy is particularly valuable for managing overall portfolio risk. Investors can use derivatives to access different asset classes, including stocks, indices, currencies, and commodities. By incorporating derivatives into their portfolios, investors can spread risk across a range of assets, enhancing the potential for stable returns even in the face of market volatility.
How do derivatives work?
To trade effectively and maximise their earning potential, it is essential for traders to understand how derivatives work. These financial instruments derive their value from an underlying asset or security and are traded in two primary ways:
1. Over-the-counter (OTC)
- OTC derivatives are private contracts between two parties
- They offer customisation and flexibility
2. Exchange-traded
- Exchange-traded derivatives are standardised contracts traded on organised futures exchanges.
- They ensure transparency and wider market access.
It is important to note that the primary purpose of derivatives is to transfer risk. They allow individuals and businesses to manage and hedge against price changes and financial uncertainties.
Who participates in the derivatives market?
The derivatives market attracts a diverse set of participants, each with distinct motivations and strategies. Here is an explanation of the roles played by hedgers, arbitrageurs, and margin traders in the derivatives market:
1. Hedgers:
- Role: Hedgers are participants in the derivatives market who use these financial instruments to manage or mitigate risk associated with price fluctuations in the underlying assets.
- Objective: Their primary goal is to protect their existing investments from adverse market movements. For example, a farmer may use futures contracts to hedge against the risk of a decline in the price of agricultural commodities. Similarly, a company with exposure to foreign currencies may use currency futures to hedge against exchange rate fluctuations.
- Strategy: By taking offsetting positions in the derivatives market, hedgers aim to minimise potential losses in the value of their underlying assets. While these strategies may limit potential gains, they provide a level of certainty and protection against unfavourable market conditions.
2. Arbitrageurs:
- Role:Arbitrageurs are participants who engage in arbitrage, the practice of exploiting price differentials between related assets or markets to make a profit with minimal risk.
- Objective: Arbitrageurs seek to capitalise on discrepancies in prices between the spot and derivative markets. They exploit these differences by simultaneously buying and selling related assets or contracts to lock in a profit.
- Strategy: In the derivatives market, arbitrageurs play a crucial role in ensuring price efficiency and market equilibrium. They engage in activities like simultaneous buying and selling of similar contracts in different markets to exploit price differentials. This contributes to price convergence across markets, creating a more efficient and liquid trading environment.
3. Margin traders:
- Role: Margin traders are participants who use borrowed funds, or margins, to amplify their trading positions in the derivatives market.
- Objective: Their goal is to leverage their capital and potentially magnify returns on successful trades. However, the use of margins also increases the level of risk, as losses can be amplified.
- Strategy: Margin traders borrow funds to enter larger positions than their initial capital would allow. This strategy can lead to increased profitability if the market moves in their favour, but it also exposes them to higher losses if the market moves against them. Risk management is crucial for margin traders to avoid significant financial setbacks.
What are the different types of derivative contracts?
The different types of derivative contracts include:
1. Futures
Futures contracts are standardised agreements to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price on a specified future date.Traded on organised exchanges, they provide a transparent platform for participants to hedge against price fluctuations.The standardised nature ensures liquidity and ease of trading, with daily settlements based on market price changes.
2. Forwards
Forwards are similar to futures but are privately negotiated contracts between two parties.These agreements outline the terms for buying or selling an asset at a future date and price. Forwards offer flexibility in customisation, making them suitable for tailor-made hedging solutions, but they lack the standardised features and centralised clearing found in futures contracts.
3. Options
Options provide the buyer with the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time.Traders pay a premium for this right. Options offer strategic flexibility, allowing investors to hedge or generate income. Importantly, the buyer's risk is limited to the premium paid, while potential gains are theoretically unlimited.
4. Swaps
Swaps involve the exchange of cash flows or other financial instruments between two parties over a set period. Common types include interest rate swaps and currency swaps. Swaps are customisable agreements tailored to specific needs, allowing participants to manage interest rate exposure or gain access to different currencies. Unlike futures or options, swaps are often traded over-the-counter (OTC), providing flexibility but requiring careful consideration of counterparty risk.
Examples of derivatives
Say an Indian importer expects to pay $50,000 in three months for goods imported from the United States. The importer is worried about the potential rise in the USD/INR exchange rate and wants to secure the current rate to avoid higher costs. Assume that the current exchange rate is 1 USD = 75 INR.
To hedge against this risk, the importer enters into a currency futures contract to:
- Buy USD
- Sell INR
Say each futures contract represents $10,000. So, to hedge $50,000, the importer has to enter into 5 futures contracts. The agreed-upon futures price is the current exchange rate of 1 USD = 75 INR.
Now. in three months, there could be two possible situations:
- The exchange rate rises unfavourably (say, 1 USD = 80 INR)
- The importer would still buy $50,000 at the agreed-upon rate of 1 USD = Rs. 75 through the futures contract
- This protects the importer from the adverse exchange rate movement and thereby avoids the extra cost
The exchange rate falls favourably (say, 1 USD = 70 INR)
- The importer would still have to buy $50,000 at the contract rate of 1 USD = Rs. 75.
- The importer misses out on the lower market rate
- However, the importer benefits from:
- The certainty
- Protection against adverse foreign exchange fluctuations
Advantages of derivatives
Derivatives offer various benefits, including risk management, price discovery, and liquidity enhancement. Let’s understand them in detail.
1. Risk management
Derivatives serve as effective tools for managing and mitigating risks associated with price fluctuations in underlyingassets. Hedgers can protect themselves against adverse market movements, providing a level of certainty in uncertain market conditions.
2. Enhanced returns
Derivatives offer the opportunity to amplify returns by taking leveraged positions. This allows investors to gain exposure to larger positions with a relatively smaller capital outlay.
3. Portfolio diversification
Derivatives enable investors to diversify their portfolios across different asset classes without direct ownership. This diversification helps spread risk and potentially improves overall portfolio performance.
4. Price discovery
The derivatives market contributes to price discovery by reflecting market sentiment and expectations. Prices of derivative contracts are influenced by the underlying asset's price movements, providing valuable information to market participants.
Disadvantages of derivatives
Despite offering several benefits, derivatives trading also carries significant risks. Some common risks are complexity, potential for significant losses, and lack of transparency. Let’s understand them in detail:
1. High risk and volatility
Derivatives are inherently leveraged instruments, which means that gains and losses can be magnified. This amplification of risk can lead to significant financial losses, especially if market movements are unfavourable.
2. Complexity
Derivatives often involve complex financial instruments and strategies. Investors may find it challenging to fully understand the intricacies of these contracts, leading to potential mismanagement of positions and unintended consequences.
3. Counterparty risk
Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives expose participants to counterparty risk.The default of one party can have cascading effects, potentially disrupting financial markets and causing financial losses for other participants.
4. Market manipulation
In some cases, derivatives markets may be susceptible to market manipulation. Unethical practices can distort prices and negatively impact market integrity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while derivatives offer valuable risk management tools and investment opportunities, their complexity and inherent risks demand careful consideration and a thorough understanding of the market dynamics. Investors and market participants should approach derivatives with caution, employ effective risk management strategies, and stay informed about market conditions to make informed decisions.
