Webpack is used to compile JavaScript modules. Once installed, you can interact with webpack either from its CLI or API. If you're still new to webpack, please read through the core concepts and this comparison to learn why you might use it over the other tools that are out in the community.
Basic Setup
First let's create a directory, initialize npm, install webpack locally, and install the webpack-cli (the tool used to run webpack on the command line):
mkdir webpack-democd webpack-demonpm init -ynpm install webpack webpack-cli --save-devThroughout the Guides we will use diff blocks to show you what changes we're making to directories, files, and code. For instance:
+ this is a new line you shall copy into your code- and this is a line to be removed from your code and this is a line not to touch.Now we'll create the following directory structure, files and their contents:
project
webpack-demo |- package.json |- package-lock.json+ |- index.html+ |- /src+ |- index.jssrc/index.js
function component() { const element = document.createElement('div'); // Lodash, currently included via a script, is required for this line to work element.innerHTML = _.join(['Hello', 'webpack'], ' '); return element;}document.body.appendChild(component());index.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Getting Started</title> <script src="https://unpkg.com/lodash@4.17.20"></script> </head> <body> <script src="./src/index.js"></script> </body></html>We also need to adjust our package.json file in order to make sure we mark our package as private, as well as removing the main entry. This is to prevent an accidental publish of your code.
package.json
{ "name": "webpack-demo", "version": "1.0.0", "description": "",- "main": "index.js",+ "private": true, "scripts": { "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1" }, "keywords": [], "author": "", "license": "MIT", "devDependencies": { "webpack": "^5.38.1", "webpack-cli": "^4.7.2" } }In this example, there are implicit dependencies between the <script> tags. Our index.js file depends on lodash being included in the page before it runs. This is because index.js never explicitly declared a need for lodash; it assumes that the global variable _ exists.
There are problems with managing JavaScript projects this way:
- It is not immediately apparent that the script depends on an external library.
- If a dependency is missing, or included in the wrong order, the application will not function properly.
- If a dependency is included but not used, the browser will be forced to download unnecessary code.
Let's use webpack to manage these scripts instead.
Creating a Bundle
First we'll tweak our directory structure slightly, separating the "source" code (./src) from our "distribution" code (./dist). The "source" code is the code that we'll write and edit. The "distribution" code is the minimized and optimized output of our build process that will eventually be loaded in the browser. Tweak the directory structure as follows:
project
webpack-demo |- package.json |- package-lock.json+ |- /dist+ |- index.html- |- index.html |- /src |- index.jsTo bundle the lodash dependency with index.js, we'll need to install the library locally:
npm install --save lodashNow, let's import lodash in our script:
src/index.js
+import _ from 'lodash';+ function component() { const element = document.createElement('div');- // Lodash, currently included via a script, is required for this line to work+ // Lodash, now imported by this script element.innerHTML = _.join(['Hello', 'webpack'], ' '); return element; } document.body.appendChild(component());Now, since we'll be bundling our scripts, we have to update our index.html file. Let's remove the lodash <script>, as we now import it, and modify the other <script> tag to load the bundle, instead of the raw ./src file:
dist/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Getting Started</title>- <script src="https://unpkg.com/lodash@4.17.20"></script> </head> <body>- <script src="./src/index.js"></script>+ <script src="main.js"></script> </body> </html>In this setup, index.js explicitly requires lodash to be present, and binds it as _ (no global scope pollution). By stating what dependencies a module needs, webpack can use this information to build a dependency graph. It then uses the graph to generate an optimized bundle where scripts will be executed in the correct order.
With that said, let's run npx webpack, which will take our script at src/index.js as the entry point, and will generate dist/main.js as the output. The npx command, which ships with Node 8.2/npm 5.2.0 or higher, runs the webpack binary (./node_modules/.bin/webpack) of the webpack package we installed in the beginning:
$ npx webpack[webpack-cli] Compilation finishedasset main.js 69.3 KiB [emitted] [minimized] (name: main) 1 related assetruntime modules 1000 bytes 5 modulescacheable modules 530 KiB ./src/index.js 257 bytes [built] [code generated] ./node_modules/lodash/lodash.js 530 KiB [built] [code generated]webpack 5.4.0 compiled successfully in 1851 msOpen index.html from the dist directory in your browser and, if everything went right, you should see the following text: 'Hello webpack'.
Modules
The import and export statements have been standardized in ES2015. They are supported in most of the browsers at this moment, however there are some browsers that don't recognize the new syntax. But don't worry, webpack does support them out of the box.
Behind the scenes, webpack actually "transpiles" the code so that older browsers can also run it. If you inspect dist/main.js, you might be able to see how webpack does this, it's quite ingenious! Besides import and export, webpack supports various other module syntaxes as well, see Module API for more information.
Note that webpack will not alter any code other than import and export statements. If you are using other ES2015 features, make sure to use a transpiler such as Babel via webpack's loader system.
Using a Configuration
As of version 4, webpack doesn't require any configuration, but most projects will need a more complex setup, which is why webpack supports a configuration file. This is much more efficient than having to manually type in a lot of commands in the terminal, so let's create one:
project
webpack-demo |- package.json |- package-lock.json+ |- webpack.config.js |- /dist |- index.html |- /src |- index.jswebpack.config.js
const path = require('path');module.exports = { entry: './src/index.js', output: { filename: 'main.js', path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'), },};Now, let's run the build again but instead using our new configuration file:
$ npx webpack --config webpack.config.js[webpack-cli] Compilation finishedasset main.js 69.3 KiB [compared for emit] [minimized] (name: main) 1 related assetruntime modules 1000 bytes 5 modulescacheable modules 530 KiB ./src/index.js 257 bytes [built] [code generated] ./node_modules/lodash/lodash.js 530 KiB [built] [code generated]webpack 5.4.0 compiled successfully in 1934 msA configuration file allows far more flexibility than CLI usage. We can specify loader rules, plugins, resolve options and many other enhancements this way. See the configuration documentation to learn more.
NPM Scripts
Given it's not particularly fun to run a local copy of webpack from the CLI, we can set up a little shortcut. Let's adjust our package.json by adding an npm script:
package.json
{ "name": "webpack-demo", "version": "1.0.0", "description": "", "private": true, "scripts": {- "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"+ "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1",+ "build": "webpack" }, "keywords": [], "author": "", "license": "ISC", "devDependencies": { "webpack": "^5.4.0", "webpack-cli": "^4.2.0" }, "dependencies": { "lodash": "^4.17.20" } }Now the npm run build command can be used in place of the npx command we used earlier. Note that within scripts we can reference locally installed npm packages by name the same way we did with npx. This convention is the standard in most npm-based projects because it allows all contributors to use the same set of common scripts.
Now run the following command and see if your script alias works:
$ npm run build...[webpack-cli] Compilation finishedasset main.js 69.3 KiB [compared for emit] [minimized] (name: main) 1 related assetruntime modules 1000 bytes 5 modulescacheable modules 530 KiB ./src/index.js 257 bytes [built] [code generated] ./node_modules/lodash/lodash.js 530 KiB [built] [code generated]webpack 5.4.0 compiled successfully in 1940 msConclusion
Now that you have a basic build together you should move on to the next guide Asset Management to learn how to manage assets like images and fonts with webpack. At this point, your project should look like this:
project
webpack-demo|- package.json|- package-lock.json|- webpack.config.js|- /dist |- main.js |- index.html|- /src |- index.js|- /node_modulesIf you want to learn more about webpack's design, you can check out the basic concepts and configuration pages. Furthermore, the API section digs into the various interfaces webpack offers.
