Investing in overseas instruments such as stocks and bonds, can generate substantial returns and provide a greater degree of portfolio diversification. But they introduce an added risk – that of exchange rates. Since foreign exchange rates can have a significant impact on portfolio returns, investors should consider hedging this risk where appropriate.
To profit or protect from changes in currencies, traditionally, you would have to trade currency futures, forwards or options,open up a forex account, or purchase the currency itself. And the relative complexity of these strategies has hindered widespread adoption by the average investor. On the other hand, currency exchange-traded funds are ideal hedging instruments for retail investors who wish to mitigate exchange rate risk.
These currency ETFs are a simpler, highly liquid way to benefit from changes in currencies without all the fuss of futures or forex: You purchase them, as you would any ETF,in your brokerage account (IRA and 401(k) accounts included).
Why Currencies Move
Foreign exchange rates refer to the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another. The exchange rate will rise or fall as the value of each currency fluctuates against another.
Factors that can affect a currency's value include economic growth, government debt levels, trade levels, and oil and gold prices, among other factors. For example, slowing gross domestic product (GDP), rising government debt, and a whopping trade deficit can cause a country's currency to drop against other currencies. Rising oil prices could lead to higher currency levels for countries that are net exporters of oil or have significant reserves, such as Canada.
A more detailed example of a trade deficit would be if a country imports much more than it exports. You end up with too many importers dumping their countries' currencies to buy other countries' currencies to pay for all the goods they want to bring in. Then the value of the importers' country currencies drops because the supply exceeds demand.
Impact of Exchange Rates on Currency Returns
To illustrate the impact of currency exchange rates on investment returns, let's go back to the first decade of the new millennium – whichproved to be a very challenging one for investors. U.S. investors who chose to restrict their portfolios to large-cap U.S. stocks saw the value of their holdings decline by an average of more than one-third. Over the approximately nine-and-a-half-year period from January 2000 to May 2009, the Index fell by about 40%. Including dividends, the total return from the S&P 500 over this period was approximate -26% or an average of -3.2% annually.
Equity markets in Canada, the largest trading partner of the U.S., fared much better during this period. Fueled by surging commodity prices and a buoyant economy, Canada's rose about 23%; including dividends, the total return was 49.7% or 4.4% annually. This means that the Canadian S&P/TSX Composite Index outperformed the S&P 500 by 75.7% cumulatively or about 7.5% annually.
U.S. investors who were invested in the Canadian market over this period did much better than their stay-at-home compatriots, as the Canadian dollar's 33% appreciation versus the greenback turbocharged returnsfor U.S. investors. In U.S. dollar terms, the S&P/TSX Composite gained 63.2% and provided total returns, including dividends, of 98.3% or 7.5% annually. That represents an outperformance versus the S&P 500 of 124.3% cumulatively or 10.7% annually.
This means that $10,000 invested by a U.S. investor in the S&P 500 in January 2000 would have shrunk to $7,400 by May 2009, but $10,000 invested by a U.S. investor in the S&P/TSX Composite over the same period would have almost doubled, to $19,830.
When to Consider Hedging
U.S. investors who put money into overseas markets and assets during the first decade of the 21stcentury reaped the benefits of a weaker U.S. dollar, which was in long-term or secular decline for much of this period. Hedging exchange risk was not advantageous in these circ*mstances since these U.S. investors were holding assets in an appreciating (foreign) currency.
However, a weakening currency can drag down positive returns or exacerbate negative returns in an investment portfolio. For example, Canadian investors who were invested in the S&P 500 from January 2000 to May 2009 had returns of -44.1% in Canadian dollar terms (compared with returns for -26% for the S&P 500 in U.S. dollar terms), because they were holding assets in a depreciating currency (the U.S. dollar, in this case).
As another example, consider the performance of the S&P/TSX Composite during the second half of 2008. The index fell 38% during this period – one of the worst performances of equity markets worldwide – amid plunging commodity prices and a global sell-off in all asset classes. The Canadian dollar fell almost 20% versus the U.S. dollar over this period. A U.S. investor who was invested in the Canadian market during this period would, therefore, have had total returns (excluding dividends for the sake of simplicity) of -58% over this six-month period.
In this case, an investor who wanted to be invested in Canadian equities while minimizing exchange risk could have done so using currency ETFs.
Currency ETFs
With currency ETFs, you can invest in foreign currencies just like you do in stocks or bonds. These instruments replicate the movements of the currency in the exchange market by either holding currency cash deposits in the currency being tracked or using futures contracts on the underlying currency.
Either way, these methods should give a highly correlated return to the actual movements of the currency over time. These funds typically have low management fees as there is little management involved in the funds, but it is always good to keep an eye on the fees before purchasing.
There are several choices of currency ETFs in the marketplace. You can purchase ETFs that track individual currencies. For example, the Swiss franc is tracked by the CurrencyShares Swiss Franc Trust (NYSE:FXF). If you think that the Swiss franc is set to rise against the U.S. dollar, you may want to purchase this ETF, while a short sell on the ETF can be placed if you think the Swiss currency is set to fall.
You can also purchase ETFs that track a basket of different currencies. For example, the Invesco DB U.S. Dollar Index Bullish ETF (UUP) and Bearish (UDN) funds track the U.S. dollar up or down against the euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, Swedish krona, and Swiss franc. If you think the U.S. dollar is going to fall broadly, you can buy the Invesco DB U.S. Dollar Index Bearish ETF.
There are even more active currency strategies used in currency ETFs, specifically the DB G10 Currency Harvest Fund (DBV), which tracks the Deutsche Bank G10 Currency Future Harvest Index. This index takes advantage of yield spreads by purchasing futures contracts in the highest yielding currencies in the G10 and selling futures in the three G10 currencies with the lowest yields.
In general, much like other ETFs, when you sell an ETF, if the foreign currency has appreciated against the dollar, you will earn a profit. On the other hand, if the ETF's currency or underlying index has gone down relative to the dollar, you'll end up with a loss.
Hedging Using Currency ETFs
Consider a U.S. investor who invested $10,000 in Canadian stocks through the iShares MSCI Canada Index Fund (EWC). This ETF seeks to provide investment results that correspond to the price and yield performance of the Canadian equity market, as measured by the MSCI Canada index. The ETF shares were priced at $33.16 at the end of June 2008, so an investor with $10,000 to invest would have acquired 301.5 shares (excluding brokerage fees and commissions).
If this investor wanted to hedge exchange risk, they would also have sold short shares of the CurrencyShares Canadian Dollar Trust (FXC). This ETF reflects the price in U.S. dollars of the Canadian dollar. In other words, if the Canadian dollar strengthens versus the U.S. dollar, the FXC shares rise, and if the Canadian dollar weakens, the FXC shares fall.
Recall that if this investor had the view that the Canadian dollar would appreciate, they would either refrain from hedging the exchange risk or "double-up" on the Canadian dollar exposure by buying (or "going long") FXC shares. However, since our scenario assumed that the investor wished to hedge exchange risk, the appropriate course of action would have been to "short sell" the FXC units.
In this example, with the Canadian dollar trading close to parity with the U.S. dollar at the time, assume that the FXC units were sold short at $100. Therefore, to hedge the $10,000 position in the EWC units, the investor would short sell 100 FXC shares, with a view to buying them back at a cheaper price later if the FXC shares fell.
At the end of 2008, the EWC shares had fallen to $17.43, a decline of 47.4% from the purchase price. Part of this decline in the share price could be attributed to the drop in the Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar over this period. The investor who had a hedge in place would have offset part of this loss through a gain in the short FXC position. The FXC shares had fallen to about $82 by the end of 2008, so the gain on the short position would have amounted to $1,800.
The unhedged investor would have had a loss of $4,743 on the initial $10,000 investment in the EWC shares. The hedged investor, on the other hand, would have had an overall loss of $2,943 on the portfolio.
Margin-Eligible
Some investors may believe that it is not worthwhile to invest a dollar in a currency ETF to hedge each dollar of overseas investment. However, since currency ETFs are margin-eligible, this hurdle can be overcome by using margin accounts (brokerage accounts in which the brokerage lends the client part of the funds for investment) for both the overseas investment and currency ETF.
An investor with a fixed amount to invest who also wishes to hedge exchange risk can make the investment with a 50% margin and use the balance of 50% for a position in the currency ETF. Note that making investments on margin amounts to using leverage, and investors should ensure that they are familiar with the risks involved in using leveraged investment strategies.
The Bottom Line
Currency moves are unpredictable, and currency gyrations can have an adverse effect on portfolio returns. As an example, the U.S. dollar unexpectedly strengthened against most major currencies during the first quarter of 2009, amid the worst credit crisis in decades. These currency moves amplified negative returns on overseas assets for U.S. investors during this period.
Hedging exchange risk is a strategy that should be considered during periods of unusual currency volatility. Because of their investor-friendly features, currency ETFs are ideal hedging instruments for retail investors to manage exchange risk.(For related reading, see "How to Avoid Exchange Rate Risk")
