In China, thePeople's Bank of China (PBOC) manages the money supply by printing currency, changing the reserve ratio, and adjusting the discount rate, among other methods.
The second-largest economy inthe world, Chinahas a unique socialist open-market economy, with both tight government control and free-market elements.As a manufacturing and export-driven economy,the Chinese currencyforex rates also significantly impactmoney supply.
Key Takeaways
- The People's Bank of China (PBOC), which is part of the centralized government, controls the money supply in China.
- Because of its unique export-dependent economic system, China's money supply policies vary from methods used by other nations.
- Two ways China manages its money supply is by controlling forex rates and printing currency.
- The PBOC can also control the money supply by changing the reserve ratio and the discount rate.
Understanding Money Supply
Money supply, or money stock, is thetotal amount of money in circulation or in existence in a country at a given time. Money supply impacts price levels, capital availability,inflation, and the overall business and economic cycle of a country.
A high velocity of circulationleads to more spending power and lower interest rates, which increases the amount of capital available for investments, businesses, and spending. The reverse occurs with a low velocity of money supply.
Government authorities closely observe money supply and take necessary actions suitable for the overall economyor for selected sectors.China's money supply policiesdiffer from conventional methods used by other countries because of the country's unique economic system.
The Traditional Chinese Economy
Asa manufacturing and export-driven economy, China runs atrade surplus. It sells more to the world than it purchases. Chinese exporters receiveU.S. dollars (USD) for their exportsbut mustpay for local expenses and wages in local currency, the Chineseyuan or renminbi (RMB). Due to the huge supply of U.S. dollarsand the demand for yuan, the rate of yuan can rise against the U.S. dollar.
If that happens, Chinese exports become costlier and lose their competitive price advantage in the international market.This is problematicfor the Chinese economy,potentially resulting in lower sales of manufactured goods, widespread unemployment, and economic stagnation. The PBOC intervenes to avoidthis situation, keeping the exchange rates lower through artificial measures.
From 2008 to early 2024, the Chinese yuan exchange rate to the U.S. dollar has remained fairly stable and in the range of 6.0 to 7.3.
ChangesintheLast Decade
The Chinese money supply in recent times hasshown consistent growth, as has the Chinese gross domestic product (GDP).
The relationship between China'scurrency and the economy is interesting because its export-dependent economic system works differently fromthosee of other countries. From 2010 to 2020, major reforms spearheaded by the Chinese government have increased China's market orientation and have opened up the Chinese economy.
The periodhas seen themonetization of a variety of resourcesand their availability to the open market, which has attracted large-scale foreign investment. The resources includemanufactured goods, infrastructure, technology,and natural resources,as well as human capital and labor. There has been an increase in demand for the Chinese currency, which stimulated commercial bank lendingand finally increased the money supply. The money supply has risensignificantly over the last 10years. During high and consistent growth rates,China managed the increasingmoney supply effectivelywhile keeping the currency rates stable.
How China Controls Its Money Supply
China uses a variety of methods to manage its money supply. Here are theprincipal methods used.
Controlling Forex Rates
One major task of the Chinese central bank, the PBOC, is to absorb the large inflows of foreign capitalfromChina’s trade surplus. The PBOCpurchasesforeign currency fromexportersand issues that currency in local yuan. The PBOC is free to publish any amount of local currencyand have itexchanged for forex.
This publishing of local currency notesensures that forex rates remain fixedor in a tight range.Itensures that Chinese exports remaincheaper,and China maintains its edge asa manufacturing, export-oriented economy. Above all, Chinatightly controls the foreign money coming into the country, which impacts its money supply.
Sterilization
China implements different sterilization actions, which refers to a monetary action the PBOC takes to curb the impact on the money supply from the constant inflows and outflows of capital. The PBOC's actions, however, can createsome adverse consequences.
The bank increases the supply of local currency in domestic markets, which increases the chance of high inflation. To cut back on excess money supply, the PBOC sells the requiredamount of domestic currency bonds, which takes away the excess cash from open markets. The PBOCalso buys domestic currency bonds to infuse cash in the marketswhen needed.
Printing Currency
Printing domestic currency is another measure applied by China. The PBOC can print yuan as needed, althoughthis can lead to high inflation. However, China has tight state-dominated controls on its economy, which enables it to control inflation differentlycompared toother countries. In China, changes are made to subsidies and other price control measures to check inflation.
The Reserve Ratio
Commercial banks are required to keep a percentage of their total deposit amount with the central bank of the country, which is known as thereserve ratio. If the central banks reduce the reserve ratio, commercial banks keep less money as a reserveand have more money availableto increase the money supply (and vice versa).
The Discount Rate
If commercial banks borrowadditional money from central banks, they pay interest on the amountper the applicablediscount rate. Central banks can change the discount rate to increase or decrease the cost of such borrowings, which eventually impacts the availability of money in the open markets. Changes in discount ratesare widely followed across the globe to control the money supply.
Is China's Currency Pegged to the U.S. Dollar?
China's currency was previously pegged to the U.S. dollar, but this ended in July 2005, following years of pressure from trading partners.
Does China Manipulate Currency?
Some economists contend that China manipulates its currency, to the effect of giving the country an unfair advantage in terms of international trade. In 2019, the U.S. Department of Treasury officially designated China a "currency manipulator," before removing the label in 2020.
What Is the Broad Money Supply of China?
At the end of 2023, China's broad money supply was at 292.27 trillion yuan.
The Bottom Line
Some of the measures used by China to control money supply apply globally,whileothers are uniqueto the country.With an economic system with characteristics drawing from both socialist and free-market economies, China has devised its own processes control money supply. China isestablishedas a financial superpower, and through its controlled measures, it is experiencing economic growth.
