Key takeaways
Market volatility can be caused by unexpected economic news, changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy and global events, among other factors.
Having a financial plan in place, re-examining your risk tolerance and maintaining an appropriately diversified portfolio can help you prepare for and better weather market volatility.
A financial professional can help you adjust your plan to protect your assets and capitalize on new opportunities.
If history is a guide, there will always be periods of market volatility, with dramatic swings both up and down. While not uncommon, these times can be anxiety-producing for investors. Your portfolio may be negatively affected, and you may consider changing your financial strategy.
Understanding what causes market volatility may help you better manage the emotions and behaviors that come with it. Let’s explore market volatility and what can help you ride the waves, such as a comprehensive financial plan.
What is market volatility?
Stock markets sometimes experience sharp and unpredictable price movements, either down or up. These movements are often referred to as a “volatile market” and can occur over a period of days, weeks or months.
The first thing to know is that volatile markets tend to be temporary. The second thing is that they’re not all bad: A market decline can be an opportunity for investors to find good value in specific investments that experience a temporary drop.
While the term “volatility” applies to both up and down market movements, investors tend to be more concerned about downside volatility. There are two main kinds of downside volatility:
- A slide of 10% or more in a major market index (Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, NASDAQ Composite) is considered a “market correction.”
- A decline of 20% or more is considered a “bear market” (an increase of 20% or more after a bear market is known as a “bull market”).
What causes market volatility?
While market volatility can happen with little warning, it rarely occurs for no reason. For example, a series of events seemed to contribute to the 2022 bear market.
- Surprising economic news that differed from the expectations of investors (in this case, a sudden inflationary spike as measured by the Consumer Price Index).
- A sustained change in monetary policy, such as the Federal Reserve announcing plans to raise short-term interest rates in March 2022 in response to rising inflation.
- Geopolitical events such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, creating a range of economic impacts with ramifications for global markets.
Other factors can cause market volatility, including:
- Political developments, including unexpected election results, an event such as a government shutdown or the passage of key legislation designed to give the economy a boost.
- Events specific to markets, such as a swing in investor sentiment, company or sector earnings surprises and financing pressures. Following a major market runup in the 1990s, markets experienced significant volatility, mostly to the downside, beginning in 2000. At this point, a number of overpriced dotcom stocks faced a sudden and dramatic selloff as investors became concerned that prices had outdistanced underlying company fundamentals.
5 steps you can take during market volatility
As we’ve already covered, market volatility is temporary, so it’s important to remain calm if your portfolio is affected. But there are also steps you can take to help you better prepare for market turbulence.
1. Establish or revisit your financial plan
A financial plan is “the foundation of investing,” says Eric Freedman, chief investment officer for U.S. Bank Wealth Management. He emphasizes that sticking with a plan helps you avoid the urge to move money in and out of the market in reaction to price changes.
“Investors often find that market timing doesn’t result in a favorable outcome,” Freedman says.
As you create or review your plan:
- Take a close look at your financial goals and your time horizon. If they’re no longer realistic, make adjustments so you can stay on track.
- Review your monthly budget to assure you’re comfortable with your income and expenditures. You should be able to cover essential expenses at all times.
- If necessary, try to identify ways to set additional dollars aside for your most important financial goals.
2. Bolster your emergency fund
Your emergency cash savings serve as a financial cushion during difficult times or to help you meet unexpected expenses. The conventional wisdom is that you should have the equivalent of three to six months’ worth of income readily available.
If your income fluctuates in economically challenging periods or due to the nature of your work, consider bumping up your emergency fund to six to nine months’ worth or more. It will provide peace of mind that you can get through challenging periods.
3. Reassess your risk tolerance level
Your risk tolerance is one of the pillars of your investment strategy. From time to time, reexamine your views on investment risk.
- Are you willing to accept moderate losses in your investments temporarily? If you are, you could build a portfolio mix aimed at enduring more significant short-term volatility but that has the potential for higher returns in the long run.
- Do you become nervous about your portfolio during down markets? If so, you may want to choose a more conservative portfolio mix to reduce risk. For example, you may be able to take advantage of today’s higher bond yields to position more assets in bonds and manage risk by reducing equity positions.
- What is your time horizon to retirement? If you’re nearing retirement age, you may want to reduce risk in your portfolio to avoid any significant losses just before or once you’re in retirement – what’s called downside risk. By contrast, if you’re 20 years or more away from retirement, time is on your side. You may be more willing to take on more risk to potentially earn a higher return and ride through the market’s challenging periods.
4. Make sure your portfolio is properly diversified
A diversified portfolio that better weathers market volatility begins with owning an appropriate mix of investments aligned with your risk tolerance level. The mix of assets you hold should represent three broad investment categories: stocks, bonds and cash.
- Stocks: You might want to include small-, medium and large-cap stocks, along with international stocks. You could also include some combination of growth and value stocks, as well as specific industry sectors in your asset mix.
- Bonds: Consider government bonds, corporate bonds, and bonds of different maturities.
- Cash: Cash and cash equivalents, such as CDs and money market accounts, provide liquidity and portfolio stability.
“In the current environment, economic trends such as GDP growth, inflation and interest rates seem on a relatively stable course,” says Rob Haworth, senior investment strategy director at U.S. Bank Wealth Management. “It’s leading many investors to maintain a rather neutral weighting in their asset allocation mix.”
For those who still have a sense of caution about the stock market, “a dollar-cost averaging strategy is an effective way to help mitigate the risk of short-term market volatility when you put money to work in assets that can fluctuate in value,” adds Haworth.
Reassess your portfolio at least annually. And as your portfolio rises or falls in value due to varied investment performance, you may want to rebalance it to make sure it’s still aligned with your primary objectives.
5. Talk with your financial professional
In the near term, investors should prepare for additional market volatility. “The markets are likely to continue the up-and-down pattern we’ve seen in the early months of 2024,” says Haworth. An experienced financial professional can review your current plan or guide you through the process of developing a plan to help you feel confident that you’re on track to your financial goals.
Even if you’re currently comfortable with your plan and investment portfolio, the economic environment can change quickly. A financial professional can help assess your circ*mstances and calibrate your plan as necessary to either help protect your financial position or take advantage of new market opportunities.
Your financial goals are the foundation of your financial plan. Learn about our goals-focused approach to wealth planning.
Frequently asked questions
Volatility essentially measures the degree to which the price of an investment changes. Generally speaking, bonds are considered less volatile than stocks, though bonds can also experience price volatility, as bond prices can rise or fall during periods of interest rate changes. Different types of stocks or stock asset classes can also demonstrate different levels of price volatility.
Stock markets tend to be subject to less price volatility when the underlying economy is fairly stable. That often occurs during times of steady economic growth and modest inflation. Stock prices are ultimately a measure of the strength of a company’s earnings (profits). If earnings are growing steadily due to a favorable economic environment, markets tend to encounter fewer periods of volatility. Markets are prone to increasing volatility if a more unpredictable economic environment occurs or unexpected events develop.
