PLOS ONE (2024)

1. The study presents the results of original research.

PLOS ONEis designed to communicate original research and research methods. We welcome submissions in the natural sciences, medical research, engineering, as well as the related social sciences and humanities that will contribute to the base of academic knowledge.

We will consider the following article types:

2. Results reported have not been published elsewhere.

Previously Published Studies

PLOS ONEdoes not accept for publication studies that have already been published, in whole or in part, elsewhere in the peer-reviewed literature.All figures included in manuscripts should be original, and should not have been published in any previous publications.

In addition, we will not consider submissions that are currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

PLOS supports authors who wish to share their work early through deposition of manuscripts in preprint servers. This does not impact consideration of the manuscript at any PLOS journal. Wewillconsider manuscripts that have been deposited in preprint servers such as bioRxiv orarXiv, published as a thesis, or presented at conferences.

Replication Studies

If a submitted study replicates or is very similar to previous work, authors must provide a sound scientific rationale for the submitted work and clearly reference and discuss the existing literature. Submissions that replicate or are derivative of existing work will likely be rejected if authors do not provide adequate justification.

3. Experiments, statistics, and other analyses are performed to a high technical standard and are described in sufficient detail.

Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls and replication. Sample sizes must be large enough to produce robust results, where applicable. Methods and reagents must be described in sufficient detail for another researcher to reproduce the experiments described.

4. Conclusions are presented in an appropriate fashion and are supported by the data.

The data presented in the manuscript must support the conclusions drawn. Submissions will be rejected if the interpretation of results is unjustified or inappropriate, so authors should avoid overstating their conclusions. Authors may discuss possible implications for their results as long as these are clearly identified as hypotheses instead of conclusions.

5. The article is presented in an intelligible fashion and is written in standard English.

PLOS ONEdoes not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. We may reject papers that do not meet these standards.

If the language of a paper is difficult to understand or includes many errors, we may recommend that authors seek independent editorial help before submitting a revision. These services can be found on the web using search terms like “scientific editing service”or “manuscript editing service.”

6. The research meets all applicable standards for the ethics of experimentation and research integrity.

Ethics of Experimentation

Research published inPLOS ONEmust have been conducted to the highest ethical standards. We reserve the right to reject any submission that does not meet these standards, which in some cases are more stringent than local ethical standards.

Approval from the relevant body is required for studies involving:

• Humans (live or tissue), including studies that are observational, survey-based, or include any personal data (seeEditorial PoliciesandSubmission Guidelines)
• Animals (live or tissue), including observational studies (seeEditorial PoliciesandSubmission Guidelines)
• Cell lines that are not commercially available (seeSubmission Guidelines)
• Field sampling (seeSubmission Guidelines​)
• Potential biosafety implications (seeEditorial Policies)

If approval was not obtained, authors must explain why it was not required.

Please contactPLOS ONEstaff at plosone@plos.orgif you have questions regarding your work and compliance with accepted ethical standards.

Publication Ethics

PLOS is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). PLOS ONE abides by itsCode of Conductand aims to adhere to itsBest Practice Guidelines. Authors are expected to comply with best practices in publication ethics, specifically regarding authorship, dual publication, plagiarism, figure manipulation, and competing interests.

For more details about PLOS ONE's expectations for publication ethics, see theEditorial Policies.

Any concerns about the above should be addressed to the editorial office at plosone@plos.org.

7. The article adheres to appropriate reporting guidelines and community standards for data availability.

Reporting Guidelines

Results must be rigorously reported, as appropriate based on community standards. More information about discipline-specific reporting guidelines can be found in the submission guidelines.

Data Availability

Authors must follow standards and practice for data deposition in publicly available resources including those created for gene sequences, microarray expression, structural studies, and similar kinds of data. Failure to comply with community standards may result in rejection.

For more information aboutPLOS ONErequirements for data sharing and deposition in public databases, see our data availability policy.