1. Main points
UK general government gross debt was £2,654.3 billion at the end of Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2023, equivalent to 100.0% of gross domestic product (GDP).
UK general government deficit (or net borrowing) was £39.2 billion in Quarter 3 2023, equivalent to 5.8% of GDP.
The general government gross debt and deficit figures published here (for 1997 onwards) are fully consistent with those published in our Public sector finances, UK: November 2023 statistical bulletin, published on 21 December 2023.
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In this release, we present statistics for the general government sector. These are used for international comparisons and include central and local government only. The public sector finances release has a wider scope, adding data for other public sector bodies, including public corporations, public sector pensions, and the Bank of England.
2. Government debt
Figure 1: Debt as a percentage of GDP at the end of Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2023 was 0.8 percentage points more than at the end of Quarter 3 2022
General government gross debt as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, at the end of Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2020 to the end of Quarter 3 2023
Source: UK government debt and deficit from the Office for National Statistics
Notes:
Debt is recorded as at the end of each calendar quarter.
GDP is gross domestic product.
Debt definition is consistent with the 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010) (PDF, 6.558MB) and the Manual on Government Deficit and Debt (MGDD).
Download this chart Figure 1: Debt as a percentage of GDP at the end of Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2023 was 0.8 percentage points more than at the end of Quarter 3 2022
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Figure 2: UK general government gross debt is mainly made up of medium and long-term bonds.
General government gross debt by instrument (£ billion), UK, at the end of Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2020 to the end of Quarter 3 2023
Source: UK government debt and deficit from the Office for National Statistics
Notes:
Debt is recorded as at the end of each calendar quarter.
Debt definition is consistent with the 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010) (PDF, 6.558MB) and the Manual on Government Deficit and Debt (MGDD).
Download this chart Figure 2: UK general government gross debt is mainly made up of medium and long-term bonds.
Image.csv.xls
Financial year and calendar year data for general government debt can be found in our government deficit and debt dataset.
Latest comparison with G7 member states
The data for the G7 countries are published within the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) World Economic outlook twice a year in April and October. The latest available data compare debt at the end of 2022.
Figure 3: At 100.4% of GDP, UK general government gross debt at the end of December 2022 was 27.6 percentage points lower than the G7 average
General government gross debt as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, EU average and Group of Seven (G7) member states, at the end of December 2022
Source: Office for National Statistics, International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook October 2023
Notes:
GDP is gross domestic product.
EU 27 is the average of the 27 EU member states.
Group of Seven (G7) is the average of the Group of Seven member states.
Debt is recorded as at the end of December of each calendar year.
The latest available data for all G7 member countries.
Countries' debt definitions vary based on which framework they follow, which are outlined inWorld Economic Outlook Statistical Appendix (PDF, 667KB).
Download this chart Figure 3: At 100.4% of GDP, UK general government gross debt at the end of December 2022 was 27.6 percentage points lower than the G7 average
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An international comparison of general government gross debt as a percentage of GDP can be found in our General government debt and deficit as percentage of GDP – Annex A dataset.
Back to table of contents3. Government deficit
Figure 4: Deficit as a percentage of GDP in Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2023 was 1.6 percentage points higher than Quarter 3 2022
General government deficit (net borrowing) as a percentage of GDP, UK, Quarter 3 2020 to Quarter 3 2023
Source: UK government debt and deficit from the Office for National Statistics
Notes:
GDP is gross domestic product.
Negative values indicate borrowing, while positive values indicate a surplus.
Download this chart Figure 4: Deficit as a percentage of GDP in Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2023 was 1.6 percentage points higher than Quarter 3 2022
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Figure 5: UK general government deficit in Quarter 3 2023 is £12.5 billion higher than in Quarter 3 2022
General government deficit (net borrowing) as revenue and expenditure (£b), UK, Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2020 to Quarter 3 2023
Source: UK government debt and deficit from the Office for National Statistics
Notes:
- Negative values indicate expenditure, while positive values indicate revenue.
Download this chart Figure 5: UK general government deficit in Quarter 3 2023 is £12.5 billion higher than in Quarter 3 2022
Image.csv.xls
Financial year and calendar year data for general government deficit can be found in our government debt and deficit dataset.
Latest comparison with G7 member states
The data for the G7 countries are published within the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) World Economic outlook twice a year in April and October. The latest available data compare the deficit in 2022.
Figure 6: UK general government deficit in 2022 was 0.6 percentage points higher than the G7 average
General government deficit as a percentage of GDP, 2022 calendar year, UK, EU and G7 member states
Source: Office for National Statistics, International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook October 2023
Notes:
GDP is gross domestic product.
Calendar year represents the period of January to December.
EU 27 is the average of the 27 EU member states.
Group of Seven (G7) is the average of the Group of Seven member states.
The latest available data for all G7 member states.
Negative values indicate borrowing, while positive values indicate a surplus.
Download this chart Figure 6: UK general government deficit in 2022 was 0.6 percentage points higher than the G7 average
Image.csv.xls
An international comparison of general government deficit as a percentage of GDP can be found in our General government debt and deficit as percentage of GDP – Annex A dataset.
Back to table of contents4. UK government debt and deficit data
General government debt and deficit as percentage of GDP: Annex A
Dataset | Released 31 January 2024
International comparison of general government debt and deficit as percentage of GDP.
Government debt and deficit
Dataset | Released 31 January 2024
Summary, reconciliation, and revisions information on UK government deficit and debt figures by calendar year, financial year and quarterly intervals.
General government main aggregates: ESA Table 2
Dataset | Released 31 January 2024
Breakdown of general government expenditure (both current and capital) and general government revenue, compiled according to the European System of Accounts.
General government quarterly non-financial accounts: ESA Table 25
Dataset | Released 31 January 2024
Breakdown of general government expenditure (both current and capital) and general government revenue, compiled according to the European System of Accounts.
General government quarterly financial accounts: ESA Table 27
Dataset | Released 31 January 2024
Complete set of quarterly financial accounts of the general government sector and its sub-sectors, compiled according to the European System of Accounts.
General government quarterly debt (Maastricht debt): ESA Table 28
Dataset | Released 31 January 2024
Summary of government debt on a quarterly basis, for general government and its sub-sectors, compiled according to the European System of Accounts 2010.
5. Glossary
General government
UK general government consists of two sub-sectors: central government and local government.
Debt
Debt represents the cumulative amount the general government sector owes to organisations in other UK sectors and overseas institutions, which is largely a result of government financial liabilities on the bonds (gilts) and treasury bills it has issued.
Deficit
Deficit (or net borrowing) measures the gap between total revenue and total spending. Following international convention, in this publication a negative value indicates borrowing while a positive value indicates a surplus. However, in the UK monthly public sector finance publication, this is presented in reverse, where a negative value indicates a deficit.
Back to table of contents6. Measuring the data
Our UK government debt and deficit statistical bulletin is published quarterly in January, April, July and October each year.
Revisions since previous publication
The revisions between releases are usually the result of improved departmental (and other government bodies') data replacing previous estimates.
Our Government debt and deficit return dataset presents the revisions to our main aggregates since the last publication of the UK government debt and deficit return (published on 27 October 2023). These revisions are consistent with revisions incorporated within our November 2023 Public sector finances statistical bulletin.
Our public sector finances revisions policy provides information on when users of the statistics published in the Public sector finances bulletin and in our UK government debt and deficit statistical bulletins should expect to see methodological and data-related revisions.
Back to table of contents7. Strengths and limitations
To supplement this release, we publish an accompanying methodological guide and Quality and Methodology Information outlining the strengths, limitations, and appropriate uses of government finance statistics.
Comparability with monthly public sector finances
The general government debt and deficit figures published in this statistical bulletin (for the time period 1997 onwards) are fully consistent with those published in our Public sector finances, UK: November 2023 statistical bulletin on 21 December 2023.
There are two main differences between the headline debt and deficit measures published in the public sector finances and those published in this bulletin.
Firstly, this bulletin includes only the debt and deficit of central and local government bodies. The public sector finances' measures also include the debt and deficit of other public sector bodies, including public non-financial corporations and the Bank of England.
Secondly, this bulletin reports gross debt, while the focus of the public sector finances is net debt. Gross debt represents only the financial liabilities (debt securities, loans and deposits) of central and local government, while net debt deducts any liquid assets (official reserve assets and other cash or cash-like assets) from these financial liabilities.
Comparability with gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) data at market prices used to calculate government gross debt and deficit as a ratio of GDP are fully consistent with those published in our GDP quarterly national accounts, UK: July to September 2023 on 22 December 2023.
Comparability with Group of Seven member states
The general government debt and deficit figures used in the comparison of Group of Seven (G7) member states are fully consistent with those published in the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook on 10 October 2023.
Back to table of contents8. Related links
Public sector finances, UK: November 2023
Bulletin | Released 21 December 2023
How the relationship between UK public sector monthly income and expenditure leads to changes in deficit and debt.
Public sector finances borrowing by sub-sector
Dataset | Released 21 December 2023
Public sector finances analytical tables (PSAT) showing transactions related to borrowing by sub-sector. Total Managed Expenditure (TME) is also provided.
Recent and upcoming changes to public sector finance statistics
Article | Released 21 December 2023
Areas for future development in the public sector finance statistics.
The debt and deficit of the UK public sector explained
Article | Released 16 March 2016
A detailed explanation of the debt and deficit of the UK public sector.
International Monetary Fund – World Economic Outlook: October 2023
Report | Released 10 October 2023
The latest report from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) containing key indicators of its member countries.
9. Cite this statistical bulletin
Office for National Statistics (ONS), released 31 January 2023, ONS website, statistical bulletin, UK government debt and deficit: September 2023
